B-25 Mitchell in World War II

The evolution of the North American B-25 Mitchell began in 1936 when the company began work on its first twin-engine military design. Dubbed the NA-21 (later NA-39), this project produced an aircraft that was of all-metal construction and powered by a pair of Pratt Whitney R-2180-A Twin Hornet engines. A mid-wing monoplane, the the NA-21 was intended to carry a payload of 2,20o lbs. of bombs with range of around 1,900 miles. Following its first flight in December 1936, North American modified the aircraft to correct several minor issues. Re-designated the NA-39, it was accepted by the US Army Air Corps as the XB-21 and entered into competition the following year against an improved version of the Douglas B-18 Bolo. Further altered during the trials, the North American design proved to have consistently superior performance to its competitor, but cost significantly more per aircraft ($122,000 vs. $64,000). This led to the USAAC passing on the XB-21 in favor of what became the B-18B. Development Utilizing the lessons learned from the project, North American moved forward with a new design for a medium bomber which was dubbed the NA-40. This was spurred on in March 1938 by USAAC circular 38-385 which called for a medium bomber capable of carrying a payload of 1,200 lbs. a distance of 1,200 miles while maintaining a speed of 200 mph. First flying in January 1939, it proved under-powered. This issue was soon remedied through the use of two Wright R-2600 Twin Cyclone engines. The improved version of the aircraft, the NA-40B, was placed into competition with entries from Douglas, Stearman, and Martin, where it performed well but failed to secure an USAAC contract. Seeking to take advantage of Britain and Frances need for a medium bomber during the early days of World War II, North American intended to build the NA-40B for export. These attempts failed when both countries elected to move forward with a different aircraft. In March 1939, as the NA-40B was competing, the USAAC issued another specification for a medium bomber requiring a payload of 2,400 lbs., range of 1,200 miles, and a speed of 300 mph. Further revising their NA-40B design, North American submitted the NA-62 for evaluation. Due to a pressing need for medium bombers, the USAAC approved the design, as well as the Martin B-26 Marauder, without conducting the usual prototype service tests. A prototype of the NA-62 first flew on August 19, 1940. Design Production Designated B-25 Mitchell, the aircraft was named for Major General Billy Mitchell. Featuring a distinctive twin tail, early variants of the B-25 also incorporated a greenhouse-style nose which contained the bombardiers position. They also possessed a tail gunner position at the rear of the aircraft. This was eliminated in the B-25B while a manned dorsal turret was added along with a remotely operated ventral turret. Around 120 B-25Bs were built with some going to the Royal Air Force as the Mitchell Mk.I. Improvements continued and the first type to be mass-produced was the B-25C/D. This variant increased the aircrafts nose armament and saw the addition of improved Wright Cyclone engines. Over 3,800 B-25C/Ds were produced and many saw service with other Allied nations. As the need for effective ground support/attack aircraft increased, the B-25 frequently received field modifications to fulfill this role. Acting on this, North American devised the B-25G which increased the number of guns on the aircraft and included the mounting of a 75 mm cannon in a new solid nose section. These alterations were refined in the B-25H. In addition to a lighter 75 mm cannon, the B-25H mounted four .50-cal. machine guns below the cockpit as well as four more in cheek blisters. The aircraft saw the return of the tail gunner position and the addition of two waist guns. Capable of carrying 3,000 lbs. of bombs, the B-25H also possessed hard points for eight rockets. The final variant of the aircraft, the B-25J, was a cross between the B-25C/D and the G/H. It saw the removal of the 75 mm gun and the return of the open nose, but the retention of the machine gun armament. Some were built with a solid nose and an increased armament of 18 machine guns. B-25J Mitchell Specifications: General Length: 52 ft. 11 in.Wingspan: 67 ft. 6 in.Height: 17 ft. 7 in.Wing Area: 610 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 21,120 lbs.Loaded Weight: 33,510 lbs.Crew: 6 Performance Power Plant: 2 Ãâ€" Wright R-2600 Cyclone radials, 1,850 hpCombat Radius: 1,350 milesMax Speed: 275 mphCeiling: 25,000 ft. Armament Guns: 12-18 Ãâ€" .50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine gunsBombs: 6,000 lbs. max. or 8 x 5 rockets 3,000 lbs. bombs Operational History The aircraft first came to prominence in April 1942 when Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle used modified B-25Bs in his raid on Japan. Flying from the carrier USS Hornet (CV-8) on April 18, Doolittles 16 B-25s struck targets in Tokyo, Yokohama, Kobe, Osaka, Nagoya, and Yokosuka before flying on to China. Deployed to most theaters of the war, the B-25 saw service in the Pacific, North Africa, China-India-Burma, Alaska, and the Mediterranean. Though effective as a level medium bomber, the B-25 proved particularly devastating in Southwest Pacific as a ground attack aircraft. Modified B-25s routinely conducted skip bombing and strafing attacks against Japanese ships and ground positions. Serving with distinction, the B-25 played key roles in Allied victories such as the Battle of the Bismarck Sea. Employed throughout the war, the B-25 was largely retired from frontline service at its conclusion. Though known as a forgiving aircraft to fly, the type did cause some hearing loss problems among crews due to engine noise issues. In the years after the war, the B-25 was used by a number of foreign nations.

The Effect Of Motivation On Children s Life - 1373 Words

The early childhood years are the most important period or phase in every child’s life. Positive experiences guide and shape the children’s future and the first few years are considered very important. It helps the brain to develop in a healthy way. Children are born with an innate curiosity to explore the world around them to acquire knowledge. They possess an interest in learning. Hence fostering the innate curiosity is critical during this stage that ensures their future success. Motivation is seen as a drive or curiosity to learn. Motivation directs behavior to accomplish tasks. It also helps with persistence and improved performance. One of the most common problems we come across handling children is that they lack motivation or do not show interest in learning. This has been one of the main concerns as children’s minimal effort may lead to poor performance. Motivation plays a vital role in increasing positive thoughts about learning. It is very importan t to understand how this motivation is linked to achievement from the interaction between the innate curiosity and the valuable experience during early years. The importance of motivation in early childhood years have been emphasized in different theories that highlight children’s motivation to learn. Theoretical interpretation of motivation emphasize the roles of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation during early years. Theories were based on behavioral and cognitive views. Behavioral theories explained theShow MoreRelatedThe Family And Classroom Education Effect On Students Learning Motivation Focus On My Own Life1230 Words   |  5 Pageson people s physical and mental development. It is naturally related to educators’ attention because parents as their children s first teachers, they gradual clearly recognize the fundamental and pilot role of family education. 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Swot Analysis of SubwayEvaluating Marketing Strategies

Question: Discuss about theIntroduction to Marketingfor Subway. Answer: Introduction: This particular study has provided an in-depth overview regarding the importance of marketing plan for launching a new business in a different geographical boundary like Canberra. As per the case scenario, it has been observed that Brad wishes to launch a sandwich shop named Zodiac Sandwich in Canberra after having five years experience in Subway. Before, launching a food center in Canberra Brad needs to make an effective situation analysis for making a planned and organized marketing plan. This particular study has focused to highlight the environmental analysis, competitors analysis as well as customers analysis before opening the sandwich store in Canberra. Industry Overview: It has been observed that Australia has earned $2 billion for fast food products from the year 2011 to 2014. Canberra being the capital of Australia is well-populated area. Therefore, food and beverage industry will be highly recognized in the heart of Canberra. That is one of the most effective reasons of choosing Canberra as the selected local for Brad for launching a sandwich shop. Chaffey, Smith and Smith (2012) opined that this food and beverage is one of the most flourishing industries of current era. A large number of employees are strongly associated in providing customers services. Therefore, Brad while launching a new business decided to selected food industry. Sandwich is very much popular fast food that most of the people like to have it at the time of breakfast. Canberra is constituted with large number of business organizations where more than 50 percent employees like to choose bread as their breakfast before entering into the office (Garrigos-Simon et al. 2012). As a result, the decision of opening a sandwich shop at the heart of Canberra came into the mind of Brad. Factors on Uncontrollable Environment: Due to some of the most essential factors the entire process of business has serious been influenced. Political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal factors are one of the most prominent factors. Political: The political environment of Canberra is in favor of launching food centers. The government has implemented a rule of removal tariff protection. As a result, the people in general do not show their reluctance for purchasing foods from food center (Hollensen, 2015). In addition, after the implementation of health and ageing regulation, the people feel secured while purchasing foods from nearby shop. Economical: Canberra is economically developed area. Therefore, people do not have to struggle for purchasing foods. In addition, sandwich is out an out a low cost product. Therefore, Zodiac Sandwich would be able to target both premium customers as well as low cost customers by launching this sandwich center. Social: Canberra is constituted with people of diverse culture and belief. Sandwich is the food that is favorite for people in general. As a result, Zodiac Sandwich would get a scope to have a huge target market for this particular industry. Technological: Canberra is out an out advanced in technology. The inhabitants of Canberra are very much accustomed with the advancement of technology (Kotler et al. 2015). Therefore, Brad would be able to use the popularity of social media for promoting products and services. In addition, the production executives would be able to use advanced technology while producing the products so that the labor cost can be reduced. Environmental and Legal: The environment of Australia is suitable for digesting this kind of fast food like sandwiches. In addition, every business organization of Australia likes to maintain some of the major legal factors such as health and safety act, right to information act, anti discrimination act and so many. As a result, people do not have to face immense difficulties to use products and services (Wilson Gilligan, 2012). At the same time, employees feel secured while working within the organization. Competitors Analysis: Before analyzing the competitors, Zodiac Sandwich wanted to identify the name of competitors existing at the heart of Canberra from food industry (Thackeray, Neiger Keller, 2012). While evaluating the competitors market analysis, it has been observed that more than 100 stores of sandwich are situated at the nearby location of Zodiac Sandwich. After identifying the number of competitors, such as Beef and Barley, Binnys Kathitto, Wokitup, Snack Shack, McDolands and many more Brad has come to know that around fifty percent of the sandwich shop situated at Canberra intends to follow brand value strategy (McDonald, 2013). As a result their target group of extensively limited. However, in order to service in the current market along with those 100 stores Brads Zodiac Sandwich decides to use low cost strategy. As a result, people of average income can afford the product easily. Automatically, the number of target group for Brads sandwich shop would be high. Customers Analysis: Before analyzing the customers, an effective STP analysis is highly important in order to know the geographic, demographic and psychographic target customer segmentation along with the positioning of products. As per the geographic segmentation, Brad decided to open the food center in the heart of Canberra so that the location can be affordable for various customers. People from 20 to 50 age group of people are the target group (Srensen, 2012). Most of the employees working in various organizations show their interest of having sandwich as their breakfast. The products have been decided to be made in such a way that people from various cultures and backgrounds show their interest for purchasing foods from Zodiac Sandwich. In addition, Brad tends to select the customers of average income level so that people from various cultures and religious backgrounds can show their interest for purchasing products and services (Terpstra, Foley Sarathy, 2012). SWOT Analysis: Before conducting a marketing plan an internal environmental is highly important in order to know the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of Zodiac Sandwich for launching the business in Canberra. Strength Demand of food and beverage industry in Canberra Demand of sandwich especially as the breakfast for people in general, be it a student or an organizational employee Business to customer selling process without any assistance of distributors Weakness Insufficient capital of Brad for expanding the business Small infrastructure as Brad has started the wings up The shop is situated amidst 100 fast food stores in Canberra Opportunities To expand the business process all over Australia by providing quality product to the customers To gain organizational image and reputation by maintaining an effective customer service relation at the workplace Threats Competitors market strategy is one of the major threats for Brad. As Zodiac Sandwich is just a start up business, the organization needs sometimes for gaining customers reliability The popularity of other food centers situated in Canberra has become a major threat to create an equal market demand for Zodiac Sandwich. Table 1: SWOT analysis (Source: Westwood, 2013) Conclusion: This particular study has provided a deep insight regarding the importance of an effective marketing plan before starting a business. Brad before opening a sandwich shop at the heart of Canberra would like to conduct a marketing plan based on which the business expert would understand the current market demand. In order to evaluate the market, Zodiac Sandwich has maintained effective competitors analysis, customers analysis, SWOT analysis and PESTEL analysis. In order to segregate the target marker STP analysis has also been conducted for Zodiac Sandwich. By analyzing the market segmentation, Brad has come to know that people from 20 to 50 age group of average income level would have to be target in order to create a demand in market of Canberra amidst 100 fast food centers. Reference List: Chaffey, D., Smith, P. R., Smith, P. R. (2012).eMarketing eXcellence: Planning and optimizing your digital marketing. Routledge. Garrigos-Simon, F. J., Lapiedra Alcam, R., Barber Ribera, T. (2012). Social networks and Web 3.0: their impact on the management and marketing of organizations.Management Decision,50(10), 1880-1890. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L., Armstrong, G. (2015).Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. McDonald, M. H. (2013). Ten barriers to marketing planning.Journal of Product Brand Management. Srensen, H. E. (2012).Business Development: a market-oriented perspective. John Wiley Sons Ltd. Terpstra, V., Foley, J., Sarathy, R. (2012).International marketing. Naper Press. Thackeray, R., Neiger, B. L., Keller, H. (2012). Integrating Social Media and Social Marketing A Four-Step Process.Health promotion practice,13(2), 165-168. Westwood, J. (2013).How to write a marketing plan. Kogan Page Publishers. Wilson, R. M., Gilligan, C. (2012).Strategic marketing management. Routledge.

Phaedo Philosophy Is A Vast Field. It Examines And Probes Many Differe

Phaedo Philosophy is a vast field. It examines and probes many different fields. Virtue, morality, immortality, death, and the difference between the psyche (soul) and the soma (body) are just a few of the many different topics which can be covered under the umbrella of philosophy. Philosophers are supposed to be experts on all these subjects. The have well thought out opinions, and they are very learned people. Among the most revered philosophers of all time was Socrates. Living around the 5th century B.C., Socrates was among the first philosophers who wasn't a sophist, meaning that he never felt that he was wise for he was always in the pursuit of knowledge. Unfortunately, Socrates was put to death late in his life. One of his best students, Plato, however, recorded what had occurred on that last day of Socrates' life. On that last day of his life, Socrates made a quite powerful claim. He claimed that philosophy was merely practice for getting used to death and dying. At first, the connection between philosophy and death is not clear. However, as we unravel Socrates' argument backing up his claim, the statement makes a lot of sense. In order for Philosophers to examine their world accurately and learn the truth accurately, they must remove them selves of all distractions. These not only include physical distractions, but they include mental distractions and bodily distractions as well. Philosophers must get used to viewing and examining the world with out any senses. Senses merely hinder and obscure the truth. Sight for example can be fooled easily with optical illusions which occur normally in nature. Sound can be very distracting as well when a philosopher is trying to concentrate. All of these cloud the judgement, and must therefore be detached from the soul. Socrates argues that philosophers must view the world around them with their souls in order to accurately learn about it. However, by detaching their souls from all bodily functions, philosophers may as well be in an induced state of death. In mortem, the soul wanders free and there are no bodily hindrances. Socrates also believed that philosophers look upon death with good cheer and hope. This I find hard to believe because if this were true, the philosopher would not be able to love life, and without the love of life, there is no life to examine and learn about. It is understandable however from another point of view to understand why the philosopher would look forward to death with good cheer. Once the philosopher is dead, his soul is free to roam around without hindrances forever, and all the worlds secrets shall be revealed to him. In fact, Socrates' sees his death as a liberation from the shackles of life for his last wish was for Crito to sacrifice a rooster to Asclepius. This god was normally given sacrifices to free the sickly from the grips of a virus or illness. Perhaps Socrates saw the body as a sickness that fed upon the soul. If this were the case, then indeed Socrates would be happy to leave the bonds of life, for then he could have an eternity to seek out his answers, all without the diversions and distractions of a body. Socrates believed that it was this search that was important, even more so than the answers them selves. Socrates believed that the journey toward the answers is where most of the learning takes place, and it is this journey that truly integrates the answers as part of your very own being. --===-- Phaedo Philosophy Is A Vast Field. It Examines And Probes Many Differe Phaedo Philosophy is a vast field. It examines and probes many different fields. Virtue, morality, immortality, death, and the difference between the psyche (soul) and the soma (body) are just a few of the many different topics which can be covered under the umbrella of philosophy. Philosophers are supposed to be experts on all these subjects. The have well thought out opinions, and they are very learned people. Among the most revered philosophers of all time was Socrates. Living around the 5th century B.C., Socrates was among the first philosophers who wasn't a sophist, meaning that he never felt that he was wise for he was always in the pursuit of knowledge. Unfortunately, Socrates was put to death late in his life. One of his best students, Plato, however, recorded what had occurred on that last day of Socrates' life. On that last day of his life, Socrates made a quite powerful claim. He claimed that philosophy was merely practice for getting used to death and dying. At first, the connection between philosophy and death is not clear. However, as we unravel Socrates' argument backing up his claim, the statement makes a lot of sense. In order for Philosophers to examine their world accurately and learn the truth accurately, they must remove them selves of all distractions. These not only include physical distractions, but they include mental distractions and bodily distractions as well. Philosophers must get used to viewing and examining the world with out any senses. Senses merely hinder and obscure the truth. Sight for example can be fooled easily with optical illusions which occur normally in nature. Sound can be very distracting as well when a philosopher is trying to concentrate. All of these cloud the judgement, and must therefore be detached from the soul. Socrates argues that philosophers must view the world around them with their souls in order to accurately learn about it. However, by detaching their souls from all bodily functions, philosophers may as well be in an induced state of death. In mortem, the soul wanders free and there are no bodily hindrances. Socrates also believed that philosophers look upon death with good cheer and hope. This I find hard to believe because if this were true, the philosopher would not be able to love life, and without the love of life, there is no life to examine and learn about. It is understandable however from another point of view to understand why the philosopher would look forward to death with good cheer. Once the philosopher is dead, his soul is free to roam around without hindrances forever, and all the worlds secrets shall be revealed to him. In fact, Socrates' sees his death as a liberation from the shackles of life for his last wish was for Crito to sacrifice a rooster to Asclepius. This god was normally given sacrifices to free the sickly from the grips of a virus or illness. Perhaps Socrates saw the body as a sickness that fed upon the soul. If this were the case, then indeed Socrates would be happy to leave the bonds of life, for then he could have an eternity to seek out his answers, all without the diversions and distractions of a body. Socrates believed that it was this search that was important, even more so than the answers them selves. Socrates believed that the journey toward the answers is where most of the learning takes place, and it is this journey that truly integrates the answers as part of your very own being. --===--